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19．Unlike chemists and physicists，who usually do their experiments using machines，biologists and medical researchers have to use living things like rats．But there are three Nobel prize-winning scientists who actually chose to experiment on themselves-all in the name of science，reported The Telegraph．
●Werner Forssmann （Nobel prize winner in 1956）
Forssmann was a German scientist．He studied how to put a pipe inside the heart to measure the pressure inside and decide whether a patient needs surgery （手术）．
Experiments had been done on horses before，so he wanted to try with human patients．But it was not permitted because the experiment was considered too dangerous．
Not giving up，Forssmann decided to experiment on himself．He anaesthetized （麻醉） his own arm and made a cut，putting the pipe 30centimeters into his vein （血管）．He then climbed two floors to the X-ray room before pushing the pipe all the way into his heart．
●Barry Marshall （Nobel prize winner in 2005）
Most doctors in the mid-20th century believed that gastritis was down to stress，spicy food or an unusually large amount of stomach acid （胃酸）．But in 1979an Australian scientist named Robin Warren found that the disease might be related to a bacteria （细菌） called Helicobacter pylori．So he teamed up with his colleague，Barry Marshall，to continue the study．When their request to experiment on patients was denied，Marshall bravely drank some of the bacteria．Five days later，he lost his appetite and soon was vomiting （呕吐） each morning-he indeed had gastritis．
●Ralph Steinman （Nobel prize winner in 2011）
This Canadian scientist discovered a new type of immune system cell （免疫细胞） called the dendritic cell．He believed that it had the ability to fight against cancer．
Steinman knew he couldn't yet use his method to treat patients．So in 2007，when doctors told him that he had cancer and that it was unlikely for him to live longer than a year，he saw an opportunity．
With the help of his colleagues，he gave himself three different vaccines （疫苗） based on his research and a total of eight experimental therapies （疗法）．Even though Steinman eventually died from his cancer，he lived four and a half years，much longer than doctors had said he would．
59．The main purpose of the article is toB．
A．list some famous Nobel prize winners．
B．introduce a few Nobel prize winners who did experiments on themselves．
C．describe some dangerous experiments that Nobel prize-winners did on themselves．
D．list some difficulties that scientists go through to make important discoveries in biology．
60．Which of the following is TRUE according to the article？C
A．Forssmann's experiment ended in failure．
B．Forssmann had the pipe pushed all the way into his heart．
C．Barry Marshall succeeded by drinking some Helicobacter pylori．
D．Barry Marshall was given full responsibility for the study on gastritis at first．
61．The underlined word"gastritis"in Paragraph 5probably meansA．
A．a kind of stomach disease
B．a kind of immune cell
C．a new type of therapy
D．a type of leg cancer
62．From the text，we can conclude that Ralph SteinmanD．
A．had his request to experiment on patients denied
B．believed that cancer comes from stress and spicy food
C．discovered a new type of cancer cell called the dendritic cell
D．tried different therapies containing the dendritic cell on himself． 试题答案
分析 不同于化学家和物理学家使用仪器进行试验，生物学家、医学专家使用像老鼠一样的生物进行试验．但是，有三个获得过诺贝尔奖的科学家，他们是用自己的身体进行试验的．
解答 59-62 BCAD
59 B 根据But there are three Nobel prize-winning scientists who actually chose to experiment on themselves"和文中的小标题可知，文章主要介绍了三个以自己作为研究对象的获得诺贝尔奖的科学家，故选B．
60 C 根据Marshall bravely drank some of the bacteria．"可知，Barry Marshall亲自喝下了幽门螺杆菌，故选C．
61 A 根据．the disease might be related to a bacteria called Helicobacter pylori"可知，划线词指的是一种疾病，故选A．
62 D 根据With the help of his colleagues，he gave himself three different vaccines based on his research and a total of eight experimental therapies．"可知，Ralph Steinman给自己注射过三次基于他的研究的不同的疫苗，进行了八次实验性治疗，故选D．
点评 考察学生的细节理解和推理判断能力，做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句，和题干进行比较，再做出正确的选择．在做推理判断题不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实，要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断．
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
While I was on vacation last week, I decided to visit some restaurants 1. (try) some local food. However, I didn’t know about the types of restaurants available, so I checked an online restaurant guide to give me some ideas and tips. I was 2. (main) interested in seafood restaurants, so I searched 3. restaurants within a reasonable walking distance from my hotel, and I 4. (find) seven of them. Next, I reviewed the online menus of the places to check the 5. (dish) they prepared and the average cost of a meal. However, price is not my first 6. (consider); I enjoy a restaurant 7. has a wide selection. Next, a restaurant’s background music, decorations and wall hangings, seats and tables can always add to the dining experience. If I go to a Mexican restaurant, I will expect to see 8. restaurant decorated in the Mexican style. Finally, I always consult restaurant reviews to find out what other people thought about the restaurant and 9. (they) experiences. What was the quality of the food? Did the server provide fast and friendly service? 10. (do) some research before you go can make dining a more pleasurable and predictable experience.
